What Is PV? A Clear Guide To Photovoltaic Systems, Their Types, Components, And Installation Methods

What Does “PV” Mean?

PV stands for Photovoltaic, a term describing the generation of electric power by converting solar radiation using semiconductors. In the solar industry, “PV” refers to both solar power and solar panels, while a PV system refers to an entire solar power generation system.

While the abbreviation “PV” is not as commonly used in Japan, it is a widely recognized term internationally.

What Are PV Systems?

A PV system includes not only solar modules but also mounting structures, junction boxes, inverters, distribution boards, and other components. PV systems are categorized into two primary types:

Independent (Off-grid) PV Systems

Not connected to the utility grid
Often used in remote areas (mountains, islands)
Commonly equipped with batteries for storing electricity

Pros:

Lower initial cost
Continue to provide electricity during power outages

Cons:

Cannot sell surplus electricity
Often ineligible for government subsidies

Grid-connected PV Systems

Connected to the public electricity grid
Enables power export (selling excess electricity)

Pros:

Eligible for subsidies in most countries
Can earn income from selling electricity

Cons:

Higher upfront cost
Without batteries, power may not be available during outages or at night

Components of a PV System

Component	Description
Solar Modules	Convert sunlight into DC electricity
Mounting Structures	Support and tilt modules at the correct angle
Junction Boxes	Combine outputs from multiple modules
Inverters	Convert DC to AC for use in homes/factories
Distribution Boards	Distribute power within buildings
Meters	Measure bought/sold electricity
Transformers & Protection	Ensure safety and grid compatibility

Forms of PV System Installation

PV systems can be installed in various forms depending on site conditions and usage goals:

Ground-Mounted Systems

Installed on open land
Suitable for large-scale projects (e.g. solar farms)
Example product: Ground Solar Mounting System

Rooftop Systems

Mounted on commercial or residential rooftops
Utilizes existing space efficiently
Example product: Metal Roof Mounting System

Solar Carports

Combines vehicle shelter with solar power
Ideal for parking lots
Example product: Solar Carport Mounting System

Dual-use of farmland for both crops and solar power
Japan is a leading example
Example product: Agricultural Farmland Solar Mounting System

Floating Solar

Installed on ponds, reservoirs, etc.
Saves land and offers cooling benefits
Example product: Floating Solar Mounting System

📸 Recommended Images

Understanding the Difference Between Cells and Modules

Cell: The smallest unit that generates electricity
Module: A collection of solar cells
Array: Multiple modules installed on a racking system

Monocrystalline vs. Polycrystalline Panels

Type	Efficiency	Cost	Appearance
Monocrystalline	High	Higher	Uniform black
Polycrystalline	Medium	Lower	Bluish, fragmented

Three Business Models for PV Installation

Model	Upfront Cost	Ownership	Maintenance Responsibility
Self-Owned	Yes	Company	Company
PPA (On/Offsite)	No	Third Party	Provider
Leasing	No	Lessor	Provider

Onsite PPA

Installed at your facility
Zero upfront cost
Pay only for the electricity used

Offsite PPA

System is located elsewhere
You receive electricity via grid

Conclusion: Adopt PV Systems for Cost Savings and Carbon Reduction

By selecting the right PV system—off-grid or grid-tied—and the best installation type for your site, companies can significantly reduce operating costs and environmental impact.

To get started, explore industry-trusted solutions from Firstsolar, which offers robust mounting systems for all site conditions and installation types.

What Is PV? A Clear Guide to Photovoltaic Systems, Their Types, Components, and Installation Methods

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What Does “PV” Mean?