What Is Solar Arrays in Photovoltaic Systems

To maximize solar power generation, it’s crucial to understand what a solcellsanläggning is and how it differs from units like strings, modules, and cells. This guide explains the structure and role of arrays, how they impact energy output, their relation to system conversion efficiency, and key design considerations.

What Is a Solar Array?

A solcellsanläggning is the largest unit in a photovoltaic system. It consists of multiple solar modules connected either in series or parallel. The array directly determines the system’s total generation capacity.

🧩 Key Unit Differences: Cell, Module, String, Array

Cell

The most basic unit, a solar cell is typically about 10 cm square. It generates electricity directly from sunlight but outputs only ~0.5W and 0.5V–0.6V. Cells are made using crystalline silicon wafers with PN junctions.

Module

A module combines many cells, protected by glass, EVA, and aluminum frames—commonly known as a solpanel. Modules vary in size and are designed to be weatherproof.

String

A string is a set of modules connected in series to increase voltage. Proper string design is essential for minimizing energy loss.

Array

An array is a complete structure of multiple strings, forming the main solar-generating unit.

How Much Power Can an Array Produce?

The array’s output is calculated by:

Module Wattage × Number of Modules

For example:

180W module × 20 pcs = 3,600W (3.6kW)

The larger the array, the greater the energy it can generate. However, the output is DC and must be converted to AC via a power conditioner (inverter), which introduces conversion losses.

🔋 Maximize Array Output: 3 Essential Tips

1. Optimal Tilt Angle

The ideal angle lets sunlight hit the panels perpendicularly, minimizing reflection and maximizing efficiency.

2. Orientation

In Japan, south-facing arrays are optimal to track the sun from morning to evening.

3. String Configuration

Uniform module counts in each string and shadow management are essential to avoid reduced output.

Solar Arrays and System Conversion Efficiency

What Is System Conversion Efficiency?

This measures how well a solar system converts sunlight into usable AC electricity.

Formula:

(AC Output Energy) ÷ (Solar Irradiance × Array Area)

If 1000W of sunlight hits the array and the inverter outputs 200W of AC power:

Efficiency = 200 ÷ 1000 = 20%

Array Efficiency vs. System Efficiency

• Array Efficiency: DC power output from sunlight per square meter.
• System Efficiency: Takes into account inverter loss, cable loss, and weather conditions.

Monitoring both allows early detection of underperforming components.

3 Key Points in Effective Array Design

H3. Tilt Angle

Affects how directly sunlight hits the module surface. In Japan, a 30° tilt is commonly optimal but may vary by region.

H3. Orientation

South-facing is ideal. If that’s not feasible, aim for the closest angle to south.

H3. String Design

Unbalanced strings or shading on one module can reduce overall output. Smart string planning mitigates this.

Final Thoughts: Understand Units to Design Efficient Systems

A strong grasp of arrays, strings, modules, and cells is the foundation of efficient solar system design. Applying principles like correct orientation, tilt, and balanced strings will enhance both array and overall system efficiency.

🔗 Related Products for Array Integration

Here are products that can help you build efficient solar arrays:

Markmontering i aluminium - Skruvpålfundament

Solcellsmonteringssystem för tak

Solar Panel Mounting Aluminum Rail Manufacturer